Modern megastructures grow larger every year to meet global efficiency targets. Wind energy, infrastructure, and marine engineering require massive components to survive severe service environments.

Metal hot forging is the process of heating materials to the plastic deformation temperature point and applying pressure to deform them into the desired shape. Generally, the mechanical properties of ...

Forging is one of the oldest mechanical metalworking processes. It forms and shapes metals through the use of hammering and pressing. A cast ingot (or a "cogged" billet that has already been forged ...

Rolled rings (also known as seamless forged rings) have a toroidal or donut shape. Rolled ring products can range in size from small, washer-like rings to large parts over 9 feet in diameter. Rolled ...