informing us that the very earliest mollusc ancestors were armoured spiny slugs, prior to the evolution of the shells that we see in modern snails and clams.” The study is published in the ...

R. Chirat et al., “Mechanical basis of morphogenesis and convergent evolution of spiny seashells,” PNAS, 110:6015-20, 2013. The spines adorning the shells of marine mollusks have evolved repeatedly ...

9 Because of its potential association with systemic diseases and malignancies, it is recommended that patients with spiny keratoderma undergo appropriate screening for underlying diseases.